12 Capítulo 3:Taladro de columna

OBJETIVO

Después de completar esta unidad, debería poder:

• Identificar prensa de taladro

• Comprenda las reglas de seguridad.

• Describa las herramientas que se utilizarán.

• Describe cómo escariar un agujero.

• Describa el procedimiento de perforación de un orificio.

• Describa el procedimiento de roscado con alimentación mecánica y manual.

• Describa los procedimientos de Dressing the Wheel.

Descripción

Las máquinas taladradoras, o prensas taladradoras, se utilizan principalmente para taladrar o agrandar un orificio cilíndrico en una pieza o pieza de trabajo. La operación principal que se realiza en la taladradora es la perforación, pero otras operaciones posibles incluyen:escariado, avellanado, escariado y roscado.

La prensa taladradora de piso utilizada en la Tienda de Estudiantes es una máquina muy común, que se encuentra tanto en el hogar como en talleres industriales. Este estilo de taladradora se compone de cuatro grupos principales de ensamblajes:la cabeza, la mesa, la columna y la base.

El cabezal contiene el motor y el mecanismo de velocidad variable que se utiliza para impulsar el husillo. El eje está alojado dentro de la pluma, que se puede mover hacia arriba o hacia abajo mediante alimentación manual o automática. La mesa está montada en la columna y se utiliza para soportar la pieza de trabajo. La mesa puede subirse o bajarse sobre la columna, según las necesidades de mecanizado. La columna es la columna vertebral de la taladradora. A él se sujeta el cabezal y la base, y sirve de guía para la mesa. La base de hierro fundido es el miembro de soporte de toda la estructura.

Seguridad

1. Familiarícese con la ubicación de los interruptores de arranque y parada.2. La mesa de la taladradora debe estar libre de herramientas y materiales diversos.3. Asegúrese de que todas las brocas estén afiladas y que los mandriles estén en buenas condiciones de funcionamiento. No se deben utilizar brocas desafiladas, espigas maltratadas ni casquillos.4. Nunca intente quitar los restos de la mesa con la mano. Utilice cepillos u otras herramientas adecuadas.5. Nunca intente realizar el mantenimiento de la máquina sin el cable de alimentación desenchufado.6. Nunca inserte una llave de portabrocas en el portabrocas hasta que la máquina se haya apagado y detenido por completo.7. Las correas y poleas deben estar protegidas en todo momento. Si alguno está deshilachado, informe inmediatamente al instructor para que lo reemplace.8. Todas las piezas de trabajo deben asegurarse con un tornillo de banco o abrazadera antes de comenzar el mecanizado.9. Si la pieza de trabajo se mueve mientras está en el tornillo de banco o la abrazadera:          • No intente sostener la pieza de trabajo en su lugar con la mano. • No intente apretar el tornillo de banco o la abrazadera mientras la máquina está             encendida. • Desconecte la alimentación y espere a que la máquina se detenga             completamente antes de volver a apretar el tornillo de banco o la abrazadera.10. Utilice los ajustes de velocidad y el tipo de broca adecuados para el material a mecanizar.11. Al montar una broca, debe estar en toda su profundidad y centrada en el mandril.12. Elimine la posibilidad de que la broca golpee la mesa utilizando un bloque de separación y ajustando la carrera de avance.13. Introduzca siempre la broca lentamente en la pieza de trabajo. Si el agujero a perforar es profundo, retire la broca con frecuencia para quitar las virutas.14. Antes de dejar la taladradora por cualquier cantidad de tiempo, se debe apagar y la máquina debe detenerse por completo.15. En cualquier condición insegura o si se observa movimiento en la taladradora, repórtelo al instructor inmediatamente.16. Leave the drill press cleaned and tidy at all times.

Procedures

     Successful operation of the drill press requires the operator to be familiar with the machine and the desired operation. The following are some good observations to follow when drilling a hole:

1. Prior to drilling a hole, locate the hole by drawing two crossing lines. Use a center punch to make an indentation for the drill point to aid the drill in starting the hole.

2. Select the proper drill bit according to the size needed.

3. Select an appropriate size center drill.

4. Select a cutting fluid.

5. Properly secure the workpiece to the table.

6. Select the correct RPM for the drill bit. Take into account:size of bit, material, and depth of hole to be drilled.

7. Use an interrupted feed, called peck drilling, to break up the chips being produced.

8. Pilot holes should be used on holes larger than 3/8” dia. Holes are to be enlarged in no more than 1/4” increments.

9. Clean the drill press and surrounding area when finished.

*** Hard and fast rules are not always practical for every operation performed in a drill press, since many factors can influence the speed and feed at which a material can be worked. The above suggestions, combined with knowledge of the tool being used, will provide a reasonable guideline for the operator using a drill press.

Tooling

     Twist drills- A twist drill is a pointed cutting tool used for making cylindrical holes in the workpiece. It has helical flutes along its length for clearing chips from the holes. Twist drills are the most common used today, but there are many other styles with different purposes. A twist drill is composed of three major parts:a shank, body, and point. The shank is the part of the drill bit held in the spindle of the drill press. The drill press’ power is transferred through the shank. Shanks are either one of two styles, straight or tapered. Straight shank drills are held in a friction chuck. Slippage between the drill bit and the chuck is often a problem, especially for larger drills. When using drill bits larger than 1/2” dia., tapered shank drill bits are often used. These provide greater torque with less slippage than straight shank drill bits. The body, as described above, generally has two flutes to clear chips. These flutes are not cutting edges and should not be used for side cutting as an end mill. The point of the drill bit does all of the cutting action, which produces the cut chips. The point is ground on the end of the drill bit.

     Holes produced by twist drill bits are generally oversize by as much as up to 1% of the bit’s dia. The accuracy of the hole is dependent on the following factors:size of the bit, accuracy of the bit’s point, accuracy of the chuck, accuracy and rigidity of the spindle, rigidity of the press, and rigidity of the workpiece in its setup. All holes to be drilled should be started with a centerpunch, centerdrill, or both.

Twist Drill Formats

1. Number sizes:#80 (.0135”) to #1 (.228”)

2. Letter sizes:A (.234”) to Z (.413”)

3. Fractional sizes:1/64” (.0156”) upwards by 64ths/inch

Reaming a Hole

     A reamer is a precision cutting tool designed to finish a hole to a specific dia. Since drill bits produce slightly oversized holes, reamers are used where precision tolerances are required, .001”. Reamers have little if no cutting action on their ends, so a pilot hole is required as a preoperation to reaming. Some general guidelines for using reamers are:

• Drill a pilot hole that is a bit smaller

• When starting a hole, drill it a bit undersized.

• Drive the reamer at a slow, constant speed.

1. The cutting speed for reaming should be about 1/3 of the speed used for drilling operation of the same material.

2. Before reaming, leave about .010” of material on holes up to 1/2”, and about .020” of material on larger holes.

3. Never rotate a reamer in the reverse direction.

4. Use the proper cutting fluid for the material.

5. Remove the reamer from the hole occasionally while cutting to clear chips, which can cause galling on the surface of the precision hole.

6. Never stop the machine with the reamer in the hole.

7. Clean and return the reamer to its proper storage place.

     Countersinks – Countersinking is an operation in which a cone-shaped enlargement is cut at the top of a hole to form a recess below the surface. A conical cutting tool is used to produce this chamfer. When countersinking, the cutter must be properly aligned with the existing hole, and should be rotated about 1/3 the cutting speed of the drilling operation for the hole. Countersinking is useful in removing burrs from edges of holes, as well as providing a flush fit for flat-headed fasteners.

      Counterbores – Counterboring is the process of cylindrically enlarging a hole part way along its length. A counterbore cutter is similar to a drill bit in that it has a shank and fluted body, but instead of a point, it has a smaller diameter pilot portion. The pilot fits into a pre-drilled hole, and guides the counterbore. Therefore the counterbore must be aligned with the original hole, so the pilot will follow the hole properly. Counterbores are used to accommodate studs, bolts, or socket head capscrews where a flush surface application is required.

      Tapping – A tap is a tool used to cut internal threads in a cylindrical hole. A tap is fluted like a drill, but the flutes actually perform the cutting operation. The flutes extend the length of the threaded section and also serve to remove the chips being produced. The most common taps used are:

1.  The starting or tapered tap. This tap is used to start threads. At least the first six threads of this tap are tapered before the full diameter of the thread is reached.

2.  The plug tap. This is the general use tap, and is used to cut threads after the taper tap has been used and removed. Three to five of its first threads are tapered. This is the last tap used if the hole extends all the way through the workpiece.

     Cutting fluids should always be used when tapping holes. It is also recommended

to advance the tap one full turn and the reverse it 1/4 turn to break the chip being formed.

Always use a tap handle, not pliers or a crescent wrench to turn the tap. They can damage

the tap, and the unequal torque provided can cause a thread to be cut poorly.

Drilling a Hole

1. A center drill should be used to aid with the drilling.

2. A center drill has short flutes and a thick shaft. Therefore, it is very stiff and will not wander. Since a center drill doesn’t cut as easily as a drill bit, use cutting oil.

3. The hole is ready to be cut with a drill bit now.

4. It is recommended to use a smaller pilot hole before drilling the final one if the hole is large. This increases the accuracy of the hole and allow the bits to last longer.

5. If the hole is deeper than the diameter of the hole, use cutting liquid and back off occasionally.

6. The spindle speed should be reduced as drill size is increased.

7. When drilling a through hole, make sure the bit will not drill into the table after drilling through the work.

8. Set a depth stop on the quill to reach a desired depth of the hole.

Deburring a Hole

Often times the top edge of a hole will be clean, but the bottom edge will have some burrs. To remove the burrs, run a deburring tool in the hole around the edge with medium pressure. Repeat this process until the edges are no longer sharp.

Power Feed Tapping Procedure

1. Power feed tapping is similar to hand tapping. Instead of tapping by hand, however, use the drill press to tap the workpiece.

2. Before starting the machine, change the drill press to low gear.

3. Release the quill lock and move the quill to the lowest it can go. This ensures that there is sufficient space to tap to the desired depth.

4. Turn the spindle on FORWARD and set the spindle speed to 60 RPM.

5. Feed the tap down. When the tap grabs the stock, it will automatically feed itself into the hole.

6. When the desired depth has been reached, quickly flip the spindle direction switch from forward to reverse. This will reverse the direction of the tap and remove it from the hole. Reversing the direction in one fluid motion will prevent damage to the tapped hole and the tap.

7. Turn off the machine.

8. Clean the tapped hole, tap, and power feed machine before leaving.

Hand Feed Tapping Procedure

1. Ensure correct tap size for the drilled hole. If the size is off, the tap might break in the hole.

2. Place a center finder into the chuck and align the quill over the hole.

3. Fix a tapered guide to the chuck.

4. Position the tap and apply gentle pressure with the quill while turning the tap.

5. For every quarter turn of thread cut, it is wise to back the tap up slightly.

UNIT TEST

1. What is the chief operation performed on the drill press?

2. Please lists other possible operations performed on the drill press?

3. The drill press is composed of four major, Please lists them.

4. Please name three major parts of a twist drill.

5. All holes to be drilled should be started with What?

6. Name three types of twist drill formats.

7. What is the cutting speed for reaming ?

8. Before reaming, How much of material to leave on holes up to 1/2”, and on larger holes?

9. Explain the different between countersinks and counterbores.

10. Explain the Power Feed Tapping vs. Hand Feed Tapping.

Chapter Attribution Information

This chapter was derived from the following sources.

• Drill Press derived from Mechanical Engineering Tools by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, CC:BY-NC-SA 4.0.
• Reaming derived from Reaming with a Reamer by CORE-Materials, CC:BY-NC-ND.