10 consejos para un fácil diseño y mantenimiento de mangueras hidráulicas

En la parte 2 de esta serie de tres partes, el autor analizará cómo la tubería y el enrutamiento de la manguera pueden simplificar el mantenimiento y reducir las fallas de la manguera. Lea la parte 1 y la parte 3 aquí.

Para enrutar e instalar correctamente los componentes de transporte de fluidos durante la creación de prototipos de máquinas, siga estas 10 reglas generales. Estas pautas son más útiles durante la creación de prototipos de máquinas. Se deben seguir los procedimientos de producción normales después de que se hayan eliminado todos los "errores".

1. Comience con líneas grandes — Instale primero las líneas de identificación más grandes, ya que son las más difíciles de doblar y maniobrar, especialmente en espacios reducidos. Entonces, la parte más difícil del trabajo está hecha. Las líneas más pequeñas brindan más versatilidad de enrutamiento y se pueden trabajar más fácilmente en espacios reducidos, por lo tanto, dirija cada línea para conservar el máximo espacio. Esto no solo da como resultado una instalación más prolija, sino que también hace que las futuras modificaciones o adiciones de accesorios sean más fáciles, convenientes y económicas.
2. Corregir la longitud de la manguera — La apariencia y el funcionamiento eficiente de un sistema a menudo dependen del uso de mangueras de la longitud adecuada. La cantidad excesiva de mangueras aumenta las caídas de presión y el costo del sistema. Los conjuntos de mangueras se fabrican comúnmente con longitudes específicas, así como con incrementos de longitudes para minimizar el tamaño del inventario que se debe llevar. Cuando calcule la longitud de la manguera, recuerde que la manguera puede alargarse hasta un 2 % o contraerse hasta un 4 %.
3. Flexión de manguera — A hose assembly is designed to flex or bend, not twist. In fact, if a large-diameter, high-pressure hose is twisted 7°, its service life can be significantly reduced, in some cases by as much as 90%. High- pressure hose must be routed to flex in only one plane. If plumbing requires that hose be routed through a compound bend, the hose should be “broken” into two or more sections so each will flex through only one plane. A spring guard will keep hose from bending beyond the minimum bend radius at the fitting, but it will not prevent the hose from twisting.
4. 

   Pivot points — When hose must flex, route it through the pivot point around which the component is moving. This will result in the best and most efficient flexing of the hose line, use the least amount of hose and keep the hose within the contour of the machine. To achieve this, the hose should be positioned to bend like a hinge. Otherwise, the hose may have a tendency to take an S-bend, which is most likely to happen when the hose is pushed rather than bent. An S-bend installation results in excessive hose movement and reduced service life. When piping a flexible line through a pivot point, consider the relative positioning of the two end fittings to avoid an S-bend by following this procedure:Swing the moving component to its farthest point where the hose will experience its widest bend. If the fittings are placed in parallel planes at this point, the hose will tend to flex in a hinge-like manner when the component is swung back to the opposite end of its travel.

5. Reciprocating motion — In addition to flexing, the ends of the hose may have to reciprocate. There are several design methods to do this:
   • Hose reels — For use with high-pressure hydraulic hose, these reels are equipped with high-pressure swivel joints and a spring return to help rewind the hose.
   • Festooning — Hose is hung in loops from a steel cable. As one point of the loop moves away from the other, the loops open to form an almost straight line.
   • Rolling — Hose is arranged in an unbalanced U-shape with hinged tracks carrying the hose. One leg is left stationary and longer than the second, which is free to reciprocate parallel to the first.
6. 

   Rotary motion — Swivel or rotary joints are commonly used to provide rotating motion. Where rotary movement is a continuous 360°, use a rotary joint. If movement is reversing, a swivel joint would be the better choice. When used with hose, a swivel joint will avoid hose twisting or bending at the fitting.

7. Control oil spray — Fire protection must be used where hydraulic lines are routed near hot, potentially hazardous areas. This prevents oil from a broken line from spraying onto any potential source of ignition. There are several ways to accomplish this:
   • Reroute the line through a tunnel made from steel tubing, channel, or angle iron.
   • Install a sheet-metal baffle between the lines and potential ignition source.
   • Route the lines through a large, open-ended hose or sleeve so the oil will flow out of the ends in case of line failure.
   • Use fire sleeves either to fit over the hose or built into the hose cover.
   • To guard against a failed hose that might whip and spray hydraulic oil over an ignition source, anchor the hose to the component to which it is hydraulically connected.
8. Minimum bend radii — The hose must be routed to accommodate the minimum bend radii of that hose. Minimum bend radii for various size hoses can be found in SAE
   specifications and hose manufacturers’ catalogs. These figures usually refer to the minimum bend radius at maximum operating pressure for a static line. Exceeding the minimum
   bend radius can result in kinking of the hose and/or most likely, extra stress at the hose or fitting interface. This causes the cover to become more easily cracked or the internal wire reinforcement to fatigue quicker, both of which will reduce service life.
9. 

   Avoid abrasion — Most hydraulic hose is built with a tough outer cover to protect the hose reinforcement from abrasion or moisture damage. However, constant abrasion at one point will eventually puncture the outer cover and weaken the reinforcement. This is the number one cause of hydraulic hose failures in the field. To avoid abrasion as much as possible, properly route and clamp the hose or use a protective cover. Choose from a variety of protective coverings:

   • Coiled springs
   • Spiraled plastic
   • Coiled strap steel
   • Nylon sleeves
10. Clamping — A piping installation is not complete until it has been properly clamped. Clamp choice is very important, and often it can be critical to the installation. Common sheet metal clamps will not hold a large, high-pressure hose.Good clamps can be inexpensive, yet highly effective for high-pressure surge lines. Anticipate and plan for a possible length change ranging from an increase of 2% to a decrease of 4% for high-pressure lines. Properly sized clamps should grip the hose in a positive manner. To keep the clamp from abrading the hose, the ID of the clamp should be about 1⁄32 in. smaller than the OD of the hose.

Good installation techniques are essential to efficient operation and obtaining the maximum life of a hydraulic system. However, hydraulic hose and tubing are fatigue items with a finite service life. Eventually these wear items will fail. Typically, basic maintenance techniques are not enough to sufficiently prevent failures from occurring, whether it be visual inspection or time-based preventive schedules.

Eaton Corp.
eaton.com